HOW TO MAKE HYBRID PLANT AND THEIR APPLICATION

      When two protoplasts of different or same plants are fused. Then Hybrid plants are formed. This phenomenon is known as Somatic Hybridization.

This technique involves the following steps:

 ·         Isolation of protoplasts

    ·         Fusion of the protoplasts

   ·         Selection of hybrid cells

 ·         Culture of hybrid cells

 ·         Regeneration of plants

  1.      Protoplast isolation:

·         Cells or tissues treated with suitable mixture of cell wall degrading enzymes such as pectinase and cellulose enzymes.

·         pH of enzyme solution is between 4.7 and 8.0  and temperature is about 25⁰-30⁰C.

·         Add 500-800 m mol 1- sorbital to the mixture to prevent the brusting of protoplasts.

·         Protoplast is isolated from the cell.

    2.      Protoplast fusion:

·         Equal amount of desired species protoplasts are mixed in the enzyme mixture.

·         pH-10.5 and temperature is 37⁰C.

·         28-50% PEG (polyethylene glycol) treated with protoplast.

·         Washing of protoplast to remove the PEG.

·         Protoplasts are fused after washing.

   3.      Selection of hybrid cells:

·         Protoplast of different plants species are fused.

·         Visual marker such as Genetic complementation Phytotoxins, Specific amino acid, Auxin autotrophy, Antibiotics, Herbicides are used to identify the parental protoplast in hybrid protoplast.

   4.      Culture the protoplast:

·         Hybrid cells are cultured on suitable medium provided with the appropriate culture conditions.

·         Callus are formed from the hybrid protoplast in the cultured medium.

   5.      Regeneration of Hybrid plants:

·         Plants are induced to regenerate from hybrid callus.

·         These hybrid plants must be at least partially fertile.

 Applications of Hybrid Plants:

·         Hybrid seeds planted by the farmer produce similar plants.

·         Hybrid plants give better yield.

·         Uniformity

·         Improved color and Disease resistance

Article Written By:

Dr. Navneet Kaur Brar [B.sc Medical, M.sc Biotechnolgy]

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with regards.

Er. Jagmeet Singh brar.

HOW TO DETECT CRIMINALS THROUGH DNA TEST

Whole human body is made up of DNA (Deoxyribose nucleic acid).Each person has different DNA from other individuals. But structure of DNA is same in twins. Nowdays DNA became very useful for law during investigations. There number of sources to extract DNA. These are:

1.          Hair
2.          Bones
3.          Teeth
4.          Saliva
5.          Blood

DNA can be  easily contaminated. So handle it carefully by wearing gloves, avoid cough and using paper bags to collect the samples. These samples can be collected from tooth-brush, razor.

This technique is used by law to identify the person based on their DNA. This term is known as DNA profiling. Federal Bureau of investigation launched a national DNA database which is known as Combined DNA Index System (CODIS). Further large number of DNA sample go into the CODIS. It is a software of computer technology which can store the DNA profile at local and national level. It is used to compare the DNA profiles which are obtained from the crime scene with the convicted offenders and arrestees. According to FBI reports more than 9 billion offender DNA profile store in the CODIS.

                                            

        In 1980, DNA test is begun and sample is collected from  offenders during sexual and other violent crimes. Then samples were analyze and their profiles entered into state databases. According to Dr. Alec Jeffreys that certain areas of the DNA strand contain patterns that repeat many times. These repetitions are not similar in different individuals. Therefore a test was developed by Dr. Jeffreys to measure the variation in length of these repetitions. By this test, Dr. Jeffreys identify individuals and then compare the sample of DNA with other individual. This test is known as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).

 But large amount of DNA sample is required for RELP test. Nowdays this test is carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, in which very small amount of DNA sample is required.

       Investigators collect DNA evidence from a number of different sources. But every sample does not contain sufficient amounts of DNA to enable DNA profiling. After that Forensic investigators will analyze the biological samples and find out the DNA profiling of the individual.

      If suspect is known then the sample is collected by the investigators and then compare the sample to the evidence which are collected at the scene.DNA evidence is extremely accurate. On the other hand fingerprinting and eyewitness testimony are inaccurate. Therefore DNA evidence is a highly effective way to match a suspect to biological samples collected during a criminal investigation.

Article Written By:

Dr. Navneet Kaur Brar [B.sc Medical, M.sc Biotechnolgy]

Special Thanks to mam Navneet Kaur from our world of modern technology team for this wonderful and highly informative article for our viewers.we are looking forward to hear from you soon, some  more articles like this article.

Friends If you Like this article or Blog,Please share and comment.

You can also like our facebook page and youtube channel for more information.

Thank you

with regards.

Er. Jagmeet Singh brar.

            Top 16 Online Business Ideas

I have made money from all these online businesses & based on my experience, I am writing about these online business ideas.

So read about these ideas below, focus on one that you like most-

1. Blogging

I am blogging full time from the last 5 years & I can confidently say there is no other online business idea than blogging.

Until & unless, your aim is to make millions of dollars a year, blogging is the best business idea for every one.

There are thousands of people in India & all over the world who aremaking $5000+ to $10,000+ from blogging.

Blogging is nothing but creating a website & writing about your experiences, passion, ideas & many more topics. People visit your website & you make money.

“Oh no! I don’t know anything about creating a website or writing”.

I thought the same as you are thinking now, when I first heard about blogging.

But thanks to my willingness. I was very excited to do something different. I accepted the challenge.

But it was much simple than my thought. I started earning from the first month itself & you can see my earning here.

Now there may be many questions in your mind related to blogging. Don’t worry, you can know each & everything about blogging from the links below-

1. Top 10 Practical Ways to Make Money from Blogging
2. Google AdSense Earnings from Blogging
3. Can Blogging be Taken as a Career

We have written a complete guide for beginners who want to know about blogging & want to make money from this. You can signup here & receive our guide.

2. Become an online seller

If you are looking for a simple online business then there is nothing better than becoming an online seller.

Whether its Flipkart, Amazon, eBay, AliExpress or any other shopping site, you can signup there as a seller & make money by selling different products.

There is no problem if you don’t have any product. In fact, thousands of sellers who are making money as a seller does not have their own product.

They just buy it from the local market at a very cheap rate & sell it at a higher price on these sites. You can join any or all the shopping sites & start selling.

3. Become a freelancer

Freelancing is another best online business anyone can start. There are number of best freelancing sites where you can signup & provide number of services to the people or companies.

You can charge a fixed amount or on hourly basis for a particular project. There are many online services you can provide as a freelancer.

You can check sites like Elance, Upwork, Freelancer.com & many other sites provided here to do some research on different types of work people provide & charges they take for providing the work.

Many people make $500+ as a freelancer. And there are freelancers who make even more than $5000+ a month from this online business.

4. Create a YouTube channel

YouTube partner program is another online business opportunity provided by Google to create quality videos, publish it on YouTube & make money.

You can create a YouTube channel based on a particular topic & then publish similar videos on regular basis in your channel.

You can then join YouTube partner program where you can earn money for each & every video views.

• How to Join YouTube Partner Program
• 25 Video Ideas for YouTube Partner Program

5. Training & Consultancy

If you are an expert in some field then you can provide online consultancy & training to the people who are looking for your services.

This is one of the best business idea because you can provide training & consultancy to the people all over the world.

Some of the examples like Online Classes, Vaastu, Nutrition, Body Building, Accounting, Job Placement, Finance Advice, Gadget Repairing, Coding, Stock Trading, Certificate Courses, Health & Fitness, Cooking or anything you are expert in.

You can create a website or a Facebook page & use these simple methods to promote your online business.

6. Domain & Website Flipping

Domain flipping & Website flipping are 2 separate online business ideas. You can buy domain & website for cheap & sell it for much higher price.

If you are interested in domain trading then you need to research domain that people may be interested in future. You need to buy such quality domains & then list these domain on GoDaddy auctions or other marketplace to sell if for 50 times or higher price.

If you are interested in website flipping then you can buy the established websites for under $100, work on it for 3-4 months & sell it for double, triple or even more price.

• How to Start a Domain Flipping Business?
• How to Start Website Flipping Business

7. Online Network marketing

Whether you like or not but network marketing or MLM (multilevel marketing) is one of best business idea you can start.

There are hundreds of Indian or Global MLM companies you can join &promote online. You can make money simply by referring people in the company.

Its better if you choose an established company with a good product. You need to research & make sure that the company you join don’t have any problem in future.

8. Manage Social Media Profiles

Do you know there are thousands of high profile people, small or medium business who need individual like you who can manage their social profiles.

You can manage their Twitter or Facebook account & update on regular basis. You will be responsible for increasing the followers & engagement.

You can earn $200 to $1000 for managing one single account. You need to learn digital marketing before you can start this business.

9. Affiliate Marketing

Affiliate marketing is another most popular online business you can start. Here, you need to signup as an affiliate in a company & promote its product.

There is a great income potential in affiliate marketing but its not that simple to work as an affiliate.

There are hundreds of best affiliate marketing companies like Amazon, Flipkart, Clickbank, Commission Junction & many others you can join & promote.

You need to learn each & everything about affiliate marketing before you actually make money from this.

Below is great resource for you-

• Basics of affiliate marketing
• Top 10 affiliate marketing network
• Signup for free training

10. Outsourcing Business

Do you know there is no better online business than outsourcing because you don’t have to do anything in this business.

But you need to establish yourself as authority or brand if you want to make huge money from this business.

There are millions of companies worldwide who can pay any amount but need quality work as per their standard.

And there are millions of freelancers who can provide the high quality work at a fraction of price these companies pay.

You can take the orders from such companies & outsource all the work to these freelancers & make a great profit.

Some of the platforms you can use for this outsourcing business is Elance, UpWork, Fiverr, Freelancer.com & many others as shown here.

11. Sell Photos Online

Are you an excellent photographer? Then there is a chance of making great income by selling your photos online.

There are dozens of photo sharing sites where you can upload your photograph & make money from each & every download.

Read the complete information here.

12. Virtual Assistant

Virtual assistant is one of the best online business idea & is very popular among women. This work is like a personal assistant but in this case you don’t need to physically present to assistant your client.

You can help people with your skills & manage their business partially as per their instructions. There are number of sites like People Per Hour, Elance, Fiverr etc. where you can find unlimited opportunities for you.

Read:- How to Earn from Virtual Assistant Job

13. Startup

There is no better time than this for a start-up. You can find dozens of start-ups daily in countries like India, USA & others.

If you have any great idea & want to start your own company then its very easy now a days to get funding from number of Venture Capital firms.

14. Make Money Sites

There are more than 50 sites which provide online make money opportunities. Different company has different concept, e.g. some companies pay you for reading the ads, some pay you for dataentry, some for online survey, some for promoting their products & many others.

You can check list of all make money sites here. We have provided complete training on how to start this work.

15. Forex Trading

There is no hot business than Forex trading if you have great understanding of the market. People make thousands of dollars in Forex trading.

But there is risk of losing your money if you don’t have proper idea on this. And that is the reason, it’s not advisable for everyone.

If you want to start this business then you need to learn this completely & you should always try with small amounts before you become confident.

There are dozens of websites such as Forex Crunch which provide the great tips & daily insights of the market and you should regularly check these sites to get the knowledge.

16. Create a Membership Site

Creating a membership site is very lucrative home based business model where you can get comfort to work in your own premises of your home and set up your own office from there.

You can decide products, services or contents to sell on your membership site.

You can announce free as well as paid membership where free membership will have limited access to features and products while paid members will get full access to your website.

Your only investment will be to purchase domain name and hosting.

The selection of the niche will be important factor since this decides your customer base joining your site. Check one of the best article describing “how to build a membership site in 48 hrs”.

I am sure, there is at least one online business idea that you liked the most & you can start today. If you want to become successful in any of the business idea above, then get ready to work hard.

Thanks a lot

regards 

Jagmeet Brar

What is Hologram Technology?History of Hologram Technology in brief.

What is Hologram?

Holography is the science and practice of making holograms. Normally, a hologram is a photographic recording of a light field, rather than of an image formed by a lens, and it is used to display a fully three-dimensional image of the holographed subject, which is seen without the aid of special glasses or other intermediate optics. The hologram itself is not an image and it is usually unintelligible when viewed under diffuse ambient light. It is an encoding of the light field as an interference pattern of seemingly random variations in the opacity, density, or surface profile of the photographic medium. When suitably lit, the interference pattern diffracts the light into a reproduction of the original light field and the objects that were in it appear to still be there, exhibiting visual depth cues such as parallaxand perspective that change realistically with any change in the relative position of the observer.

In its pure form, holography requires the use of laser light for illuminating the subject and for viewing the finished hologram. In a side-by-side comparison under optimal conditions, a holographic image is visually indistinguishable from the actual subject, if the hologram and the subject are lit just as they were at the time of recording. A microscopic level of detail throughout the recorded volume of space can be reproduced. In common practice, however, major image quality compromises are made to eliminate the need for laser illumination when viewing the hologram, and sometimes, to the extent possible, also when making it. Holographic portraiture often resorts to a non-holographic intermediate imaging procedure, to avoid the hazardous high-powered pulsed lasers otherwise needed to optically "freeze" living subjects as perfectly as the extremely motion-intolerant holographic recording process requires. Holograms can now also be entirely computer-generated and show objects or scenes that never existed.

Holography should not be confused with lenticular and other earlier autostereoscopic 3D display technologies, which can produce superficially similar results but are based on conventional lens imaging. Stage illusions such as Pepper's Ghost and other unusual, baffling, or seemingly magical images are also often incorrectly called holograms.

History of Hologram Technology..

True three dimensional visualisation technologies have been fantasied and theorised about over the past half century. This article talks about the history and the tantalising prospects of finally realising holographic video displays.

Looking Back

Dennis Gabor, a Hungarian scientist working in the UK, presented the foundational concepts of holography in a patent and a series of papers written between 1948 and 1951 that were aimed at microscopy. These introduced the notion of storing the 3D information related to a sample as a 2D interference pattern, containing phase and amplitude information, which can subsequently be reconstructed through illumination. Holography remained somewhat obscure owing to its dependence on coherent light sources. However, things changed radically after the invention of the laser in 1960 when the field had a revival with an upsurge in research and development. Lieth and Upatnieks reached a key milestone with the off-axis transmission hologram. At about the same time, Denisyuk pioneered the reflection hologram. Dennis Gabor was awarded the Physics Nobel Prize in 1971.

Today, the main applications of static holograms are in security and authentication for branding, bank notes, passports etc. Holographic imaging is largely consigned to artistic exhibitions or specialist optical components.

Underground Research

Unfortunately, holography has not lived up to expectations, which were largely driven by the realms of science-fiction fantasy following the iconic Star Wars film in 1977. While static holograms were popular in the 70s and 80s, it soon became clear that static holograms needed to move beyond the lab whereas dynamic holographic displays were "in a land far, far away." Hence, holography went underground in the 1990s with a handful of European companies, some Japanese groups and the U.S. military developing digital hologram printing technology. Holographic display research was mainly performed by military contractors or high-end academic research facilities.

Regarding 3D displays, 3D TV and cinema have come and gone in recent years. This is because conventional stereo 3D is based on glasses or 'glasses-free' lenticular arrays or parallax barriers, leading to a poor 3D experience because it is really just an illusion created by twin-2D images aimed at either eye. This is fundamentally unacceptable to the human brain and leads to all sorts of problems including dizziness and nausea.

3D Content & Data Explosion

The recent proliferation of 3D content has created a demand for such displays due to the explosion of 3D data from many sources including geographical data, medical scans, computer design, simulation, low-cost depth scanners and video gaming. Whereas it is easy to generate 3D content, it has proven very difficult to view this content in real 3D.

 A true 3D display should have the scene or object in real space (floating in mid-air), allowing the viewer to look around objects and see them from a slightly different perspective, as they would in real life. This leads to a more comfortable and naturalistic viewing experience without all the problems of stereo 3D. According to the scientific literature, such a display can only be realised with holographic or similar light-field techniques.

If you Like the blog and article please do comment and share.i am looking forward to hear from you soon.....Thanks a lot....

With Regards

Prof. Jagmeet Brar